1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | Report scope |
1.2. | New markets for gas sensing |
1.3. | What are the market and technology drivers for change? |
1.4. | The pandemic created a global spike in air quality interest |
1.5. | The hype around E-nose technology (1) |
1.6. | The hype around E-nose technology (2) |
1.7. | Gas Sensors future roadmap (1) |
1.8. | Gas sensor future roadmap (2) |
1.9. | Notable takeaways from the gas sensor roadmap |
1.10. | 10-year overall gas sensors revenue forecast by sensor type (USD) |
1.11. | Analyte types overlap multiple application areas |
1.12. | Industrial players are seeking growth in the overlapping environmental market |
1.13. | The pandemic impact on gas sensor companies growth: increased demand tempered by disrupted supply chains |
1.14. | Comparing key industrial players sensor innovations against ability to execute |
1.15. | Notable company relationships within the gas sensor industry |
1.16. | Main conclusions (1) : Outdoor pollution sensing should align itself with policy demands |
1.17. | Main conclusions (2): Indoor air quality devices will be found in more locations, but continue using three fundamental sensor types |
1.18. | Main conclusions (3) Diagnostic opportunities for gas sensors are broad for specific VOC detectors |
1.19. | Main conclusions (4): Evolution of point-of-care testing will create long term opportunities for new gas sensor technology |
1.20. | Main conclusions (5): Electric vehicles will fundamentally change gas sensor requirements of the automotive market |
1.21. | Main conclusions (6): Digitizing smell will require both old and new gas sensing technology |
2. | MARKET FORECASTS |
2.1. | Market forecast methodology |
2.2. | Challenges in forecasting a fragmented market |
2.3. | Categorizing applications areas for forecasting |
2.4. | Categorizing technology areas for forecasting |
2.5. | 10-year overall gas sensors forecast by sensor type (volume) |
2.6. | 10-year overall gas sensors revenue forecast by sensor type (USD) |
2.7. | 10-year overall gas sensors forecast by sector (volume) |
2.8. | 10-year overall gas sensors forecast by sector, excluding industrial and automotive (volume) |
2.9. | 10-year overall gas sensors forecast by sector, excluding industrial and automotive (revenue, USD) |
2.10. | 10-year emerging gas sensors forecast by sensor type (volume) |
2.11. | 10-year emerging gas sensors revenue forecast by sensor type (USD) |
2.12. | Metal-oxide semiconductor gas sensor forecast by application (volume) |
2.13. | Metal-oxide semiconductor gas sensor revenue forecast by application (USD) |
2.14. | Electrochemical gas sensor forecast by application (volume) |
2.15. | Electrochemical gas sensor revenue forecast by application (USD) |
2.16. | Infra-red gas sensor forecast by application (volume) |
2.17. | Infra-red gas sensor forecast for the automotive market (volume) |
2.18. | Infrared gas sensor revenue forecast by application (USD) |
2.19. | Optical particle counter forecast by application (volume) |
2.20. | Optical particle counter revenue forecast by application (USD) |
2.21. | Pellistor sensors forecast by application (volume) |
2.22. | Pellistors revenue forecast by application (USD) |
2.23. | Ionization detectors forecast by application (volume) |
2.24. | Ionization detectors revenue forecast by application (USD) |
2.25. | Printed gas sensors forecast by application (volume) |
2.26. | Printed gas sensors revenue forecast by application (USD) |
2.27. | Acoustic gas sensors forecast by application (volume) |
2.28. | Acoustic gas sensors revenue forecast by application (USD) |
2.29. | 3D printed and other printed gas sensors forecast by application (volume) |
2.30. | Environmental Sensors - Total sales volume by technology type |
2.31. | Environmental Gas Sensors - Total Revenue in $USD by technology type |
2.32. | Industrial Sensors - Total sales volume by technology type |
2.33. | Industrial Gas Sensors - Total Revenue in $USD by technology type |
2.34. | Automotive Sensors - Total sales volume by technology type |
2.35. | Automotive Gas Sensors - Total Revenue in $USD by technology type |
2.36. | Medical Sensors - Total sales volume by technology type |
2.37. | Medical Gas Sensors - Total Revenue in $USD by technology type |
2.38. | Olfaction Sensors - Total sales volume by technology type |
2.39. | Olfaction Gas Sensors - Total Revenue in $USD by technology type |
3. | INTRODUCTION |
3.1. | Gas sensors are utilized in multiple industries |
3.2. | Report scope |
3.3. | A brief history of gas sensor technology |
3.4. | Why is gas sensor technology still emerging? |
3.5. | What are the market and technology drivers for change? |
3.6. | Key metrics for assessing a gas sensor |
3.7. | Health risks motivates gas sensing across all sectors |
3.8. | Introduction to outdoor pollution |
3.9. | Introduction to indoor air quality |
3.10. | Introduction to automotive gas sensors |
3.11. | Introduction to gas sensors for breath diagnostics |
4. | GAS SENSORS -TECHNOLOGY APPRAISAL AND KEY PLAYERS |
4.1.1. | There is continual innovation for existing technologies, and new opportunities emerging from the lab |
4.2. | Core Gas Sensor Technologies: Metal Oxide Sensors |
4.2.1. | Introduction to Metal Oxide (MOx) gas sensors |
4.2.2. | Typical specifications of MOx sensors |
4.2.3. | Traditional versus MEMS MOx gas sensors |
4.2.4. | Advantages of MEMS MOx sensors |
4.2.5. | Categorizing MOx sensors manufacturers |
4.2.6. | N-Type vs. P-Type semiconductors in MOx sensors |
4.2.7. | BOSCH Sensortec MOx sensors |
4.2.8. | AMS MOx sensors |
4.2.9. | Printed MOx sensors |
4.2.10. | Screen Printed MOx sensors |
4.2.11. | SWOT analysis of MOx gas sensors |
4.2.12. | Summary: Metal oxide gas sensors |
4.3. | Core Gas Sensor Technologies: Electrochemical Sensors |
4.3.1. | Introduction to electrochemical gas sensors |
4.3.2. | Typical specifications of electrochemical sensors |
4.3.3. | Innovations in electrochemical sensing |
4.3.4. | Printed Electrochemical Sensors |
4.3.5. | Printed Electrochemical Sensors |
4.3.6. | Traditional versus printed electrochemical sensors |
4.3.7. | Electrochemical Lambda Sensor |
4.3.8. | Major manufacturers of electrochemical sensors |
4.3.9. | SWOT analysis of electrochemical gas sensors |
4.3.10. | Summary: Electrochemical sensors |
4.4. | Core Gas Sensor Technologies: Infra-red Sensors |
4.4.1. | Introduction to infrared gas sensors |
4.4.2. | Non-dispersive infrared most common for gas sensing |
4.4.3. | Infra-red sensors can be used for explosive limit measurements |
4.4.4. | Categorization of infra-red sensor manufacturers |
4.4.5. | Typical specifications of NDIR gas sensors |
4.4.6. | SWOT analysis of infra-red gas sensors |
4.4.7. | Summary: Infra-red sensors |
4.5. | Core Gas Sensor Technologies: Pellistors |
4.5.1. | Introduction to pellistor sensors |
4.5.2. | Industrial safety depends on pellistor sensors |
4.5.3. | Categorization of pellistor sensor manufacturers |
4.5.4. | Pellistor sensor poisoning - causes and mitigating strategies |
4.5.5. | Miniaturisation of pellistor gas sensors |
4.5.6. | Explosive Limit Detectors: Pellistor vs. Infra-red |
4.5.7. | Typical specifications of pellistor sensors |
4.5.8. | SWOT analysis of pellistor gas sensors |
4.5.9. | Summary: Pellistors |
4.6. | Core Gas Sensor Technologies: Ionization Detectors |
4.6.1. | Introduction to photoionization detectors (PID) |
4.6.2. | Ionization chambers for naturally radioactive sources |
4.6.3. | Response regions in ionization chambers have different applications |
4.6.4. | Categorization of ionization detector manufacturers |
4.6.5. | Typical specifications of ionization detectors |
4.6.6. | SWOT analysis of Photo Ionization Detectors |
4.6.7. | Summary: Ionization detectors |
4.7. | Core Gas Sensor Technologies: Optical Particle Counters |
4.7.1. | Optical Particle Counter |
4.7.2. | Typical specifications of Optical Particle Counters |
4.7.3. | Categorization of optical particle counter manufacturers |
4.7.4. | SWOT analysis of Optical Particle Counters |
4.7.5. | Summary: Optical particle counters |
4.8. | Core Gas Sensor Technologies: Overview |
4.8.1. | Industrial technology is finding a new market in environmental gas sensor markets |
4.8.2. | Comparing key industrial players sensor innovations against ability to execute |
4.8.3. | Notable company relationships |
4.8.4. | Relevant analytes to industrial and environmental markets are almost identical |
4.8.5. | Comparing key specifications of core technologies |
4.8.6. | Temperature and Humidity Sensors |
4.8.7. | Miniaturization of core technologies improves performance |
4.8.8. | The gas sensor value chain |
4.8.9. | Gas Sensor Manufacturers |
4.8.10. | Summary of core technology conclusions |
4.9. | Emerging Gas Sensor Technologies |
4.10. | Emerging Gas Sensor Technologies: Printed sensors |
4.10.1. | What defines a 'printed' sensor? |
4.10.2. | A brief overview of screen, slot-die, gravure and flexographic printing |
4.10.3. | A brief overview of digital printing methods |
4.10.4. | Towards roll to roll (R2R) printing |
4.10.5. | Advantages of roll-to-roll (R2R) manufacturing |
4.10.6. | Printed sensor categories |
4.10.7. | Zeolites can form a selective membrane for gas sensors |
4.10.8. | Aerosol-jet-printed graphene electrochemical histamine sensors for food safety monitoring |
4.10.9. | C2Sense ink based gas sensing for packaging |
4.10.10. | Meeting application requirements: Incumbent technologies vs printed/flexible sensors |
4.10.11. | Overall SWOT analysis of printed sensors |
4.10.12. | Printed Gas Sensors - Summary and Key Players |
4.11. | Emerging Gas Sensor Technologies: E-nose |
4.11.1. | A brief history of measuring smell |
4.11.2. | Principle of Sensing: E-Nose |
4.11.3. | Expensive lab-bench e-noses were commercialized first |
4.11.4. | Advantages and disadvantaged of sensor types for E-Nose |
4.11.5. | E-Nose sensors hype curve |
4.11.6. | Technological and market readiness of e-noses |
4.11.7. | Sensigent: Cyranose Electronic Nose |
4.11.8. | Categorization of e-nose manufacturers |
4.11.9. | Bosch Sensortec are using MOx sensors in their latest 'e-nose' for smells, air quality and food spoilage |
4.11.10. | A closer look at Bosch's BME 688 |
4.11.11. | Aryballe are developing a portable and universal e-nose for anosmia suffers |
4.11.12. | Aryballe automotive use cases for e-noses |
4.11.13. | UST triplesensor-the artificial nose |
4.11.14. | PragmatIC and Arm develop prototype e-nose with flexible electronics |
4.11.15. | Arm's armpit odor monitor idea still at an early TRL |
4.11.16. | Summary: Specific aromas a better opportunity than a nose |
4.11.17. | SWOT analysis of E-noses |
4.12. | Emerging Gas Sensor Technologies: Carbon Nanotubes |
4.12.1. | An introduction to CNTs for gas sensors |
4.12.2. | AerNos produce CNT based gas sensors for multiple application areas, including wearables |
4.12.3. | CNT-based electronic nose (PARC) |
4.12.4. | SmartNanotubes Technologies, miniaturized e-nose with single-walled CNTs |
4.12.5. | Alpha Szenszor Inc., ultra-low power gas sensors with CNTs |
4.12.6. | MIT research: Carbon nanotubes plus catalysts can sense vegetable spoilage |
4.12.7. | Brewer science, printed sensor for inert gases |
4.12.8. | Graphene based gas sensing first demonstrated by Fujitsu in 2016 |
4.12.9. | SWOT analysis of CNT gas sensors |
4.13. | Emerging Gas Sensor Technologies: Miniaturized Photoacoustic |
4.13.1. | Principle of Sensing: Photoacoustic |
4.13.2. | Indirect and Direct Photo-acoustic sensing |
4.13.3. | Sensirion offer a miniaturized photo-acoustic carbon dioxide sensor |
4.13.4. | Typical specifications of commercial photo-acoustic sensors |
4.13.5. | SWOT analysis of photo acoustic gas sensors |
4.14. | Emerging Gas Sensor Technologies: Film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) |
4.14.1. | Principle of sensing: film bulk acoustic resonator |
4.14.2. | Sorex - an FBAR start-up spun out of the University of Cambridge |
4.14.3. | Expected specifications of commercial acoustic resonance sensors |
4.14.4. | SWOT analysis of FBAR gas sensors |
4.15. | Research Phase Gas Sensor Technologies |
4.15.1. | 3D-printed colour changing hydrogels for gas sensing with direct laser writing |
4.15.2. | 3D-Printed silver fibres for breath analysis |
4.15.3. | 3D-printing strong ammonia sensors using digital light processing |
4.15.4. | 3D-Printed disposable wireless sensors large area environmental monitoring |
4.15.5. | SWOT analysis of 3D printed gas sensors |
4.15.6. | Miniaturized Chromatograph |
4.15.7. | Timeline of key developments in miniaturized gas chromatography |
4.15.8. | Bio-degradable printed chromatography |
4.15.9. | SWOT analysis of miniaturized gas chromatography |
4.15.10. | Quartz Crystal Microbalance |
4.15.11. | Hydrogels used for flexible and wearable ammonia sensors |
5. | BENCHMARKING TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS |
5.1. | Intersection between sensing technology and application space |
5.2. | Application and technology benchmarking methodology |
5.3. | Attribute scores: Technology |
5.4. | Attribute scores: Application |
5.5. | Computing computability scores between technology and application |
5.6. | Comparing sensitivity and atmospheric concentrations of core gas sensor technologies |
6. | ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS |
6.1.1. | Introduction to Environmental Gas Sensors |
6.2. | Outdoor Pollution |
6.2.1. | Outdoor pollution is still a global risk to health |
6.2.2. | Outdoor pollution continues to drive climate change |
6.2.3. | Health Effects of Outdoor Pollution |
6.2.4. | Cost to society of air pollution drives demand for air quality monitoring |
6.2.5. | Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming |
6.3. | Gas pollution entering water systems damages the environment and costs governments billions |
6.3.1. | Common atmospheric pollutants and sources |
6.3.2. | Concentrations of detectable atmospheric pollutants |
6.3.3. | Relevant gas sensor technologies for outdoor pollution monitoring |
6.3.4. | Comparing key specifications of technologies used in outdoor monitoring |
6.3.5. | Sensors offer a variety of monitoring techniques |
6.3.6. | Carbon dioxide pollution concentrations in the atmosphere are still increasing into the 21st century |
6.3.7. | Carbon dioxide pollution acidifies oceans, but communities are more incited to act than industry |
6.3.8. | The pandemic moved interest in carbon dioxide indoors |
6.3.9. | Nitrogen Oxides agriculture and burning depletes ozone and causes the most deaths in coal burning countries |
6.3.10. | What is particulate matter and why is it dangerous? |
6.3.11. | Particulate matter concerns are on the rise again |
6.3.12. | Sulphur dioxide emissions have reduced in the West but until recently remains poorly regulated in India |
6.3.13. | What are VOCs? |
6.3.14. | Will there be a need for more specific VOC sensors? |
6.3.15. | Too much ozone can reduce crop yields |
6.3.16. | Carbon Monoxide - natural but deadly |
6.3.17. | Fertilizing with ammonia in the countryside creates more pollutants in urban areas |
6.3.18. | New technology can quantify bad smells from farms to satisfy legal limits on malodor |
6.4. | Outdoor Pollution: Regulation |
6.4.1. | Tighter regulations and recommendations for outdoor air quality are increasing the need for sensitive gas sensors |
6.4.2. | The EU approach to air quality regulation separates annual emissions from sector specific requirements |
6.4.3. | Typical policies for tackling poor AQ |
6.4.4. | Key technologies for outdoor pollution monitoring |
6.4.5. | How will technology be used to monitor regulatory limits? |
6.4.6. | Comparing regulations and detection limits |
6.5. | Outdoor Air Pollution - Smart Cities |
6.5.1. | Outdoor pollution creates a market for gas sensors |
6.5.2. | Smart cities monitor pollution |
6.5.3. | The scale of global pollution monitoring |
6.5.4. | Air quality forecasting will become more integrated with weather reporting |
6.5.5. | Fixed monitoring stations have got smaller |
6.5.6. | Solutions are emerging for mobile sensor stations |
6.5.7. | Drones can be used as flying laboratories for airborne pollution monitoring |
6.5.8. | Infrastructure for uploading data is essential for outdoor monitoring networks |
6.5.9. | Personal vs private networks |
6.5.10. | City wide pollution monitoring programmes |
6.5.11. | Outdoor monitoring is a growing market in India |
6.5.12. | Market leaders in outdoor monitoring target urban and industrial air quality applications (1) |
6.5.13. | Market leaders in outdoor monitoring target urban and industrial air quality applications (2) |
6.5.14. | Plug and Play Outdoor Monitoring Sensors |
6.5.15. | Example implementation of outdoor gas monitoring (I) |
6.5.16. | Example implementation of outdoor gas monitoring - integration into an 'array of things' |
6.5.17. | Google streetview cars to gather air quality data using Aclima. |
6.5.18. | AQMesh provide hundreds of nodes to EU countries |
6.5.19. | Amsterdam use trees for outdoor networks |
6.5.20. | Parameterizing and forecasting air quality measurements |
6.5.21. | Train based sensing of environmental pollutants is more cost efficient at covering large areas |
6.5.22. | An opportunity for bike mounted mobile sensors |
6.5.23. | Citizen Science - open-seneca |
6.5.24. | Is the future for outdoor sensors networks wearable? |
6.5.25. | Connecting gas sensors and policy |
6.5.26. | Future opportunities for environmental sensors in smart cities |
6.5.27. | Challenges for outdoor pollution monitoring |
6.5.28. | Anticipated trends by gas type in outdoor pollution monitoring |
6.6. | Introduction to Indoor Air Quality |
6.6.1. | Common indoor pollutants and sources |
6.6.2. | Health risks associated with indoor pollution |
6.6.3. | Indoor pollutant levels vary around our homes and work places |
6.6.4. | Indoor air pollution death rates are declining, but it's still killing millions every year |
6.6.5. | Lack of access to clean cooking fuels in Africa and India increases indoor air pollution deaths |
6.6.6. | Indoor air pollution remains a significant health risk in Europe despite regulation |
6.6.7. | Radon deaths are highest in Europe |
6.6.8. | The pandemic created a global spike in air quality interest |
6.6.9. | Is carbon dioxide impacting our productivity? |
6.6.10. | Allergens trapped indoors are causing a surge in asthma cases in the United States |
6.7. | Indoor Air Quality Technology |
6.7.1. | How will gas sensor technology be used to tackle indoor air quality? |
6.7.2. | How can OEMs access the mass market for indoor air quality monitors post-covid? |
6.7.3. | Comparing commercial air quality monitors |
6.7.4. | Smart purifiers are an increasingly popular solution for poor air quality |
6.7.5. | Suitable miniaturised sensors for air purifiers |
6.7.6. | Market leaders adapted their marketing to capitalise on the pandemic demand |
6.7.7. | Current smart home monitoring vendors |
6.7.8. | Air quality and the internet of things |
6.7.9. | Opportunity for air quality monitoring within wellness remains |
6.7.10. | Dyson poised to release air purifying headphones |
6.7.11. | Building management of the future will rely on air quality data |
6.7.12. | New air sterilization technology is emerging |
6.7.13. | Which business models for indoor air quality products are sustainable? |
6.7.14. | Relationship between air quality regulations and technology |
6.7.15. | Air quality devices regulation expected to tighten |
6.7.16. | Manufacturers use regulation updates for marketing |
6.7.17. | Future opportunities for indoor air quality devices |
6.7.18. | Challenges for indoor air quality devices |
7. | MEDICAL APPLICATIONS |
7.1. | Breath diagnostics a huge opportunity for emerging gas sensing technology |
7.2. | Introduction to gas sensors for breath diagnostics |
7.3. | Growing market for biomedical diagnostics |
7.4. | The value of gas sensors within point-of-care testing |
7.5. | Drivers of point-of-care biosensors in healthcare |
7.6. | Key sensor characteristics for point-of-care diagnostics |
7.7. | Desirable characteristics in a point-of-care breath sensor |
7.8. | Point-of-care testing will evolve, changing the gas senor technology required for breath diagnostics |
7.9. | Printed breath sensors for respiratory disease management |
7.10. | Breath testing as a self-care aid to IBS patients |
7.11. | Point of care diagnostics using ammonia in breath |
7.12. | There are better alternatives to breath for point-of-care diabetes management |
7.13. | Opportunities and challenges for breath diagnostics |
8. | AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS |
8.1. | Introduction to automotive gas sensors |
8.2. | The rise of the EV will shift the role of gas sensors from emissions testing to battery management |
8.3. | The market optical indoor air quality sensors will expand within automotive |
8.4. | Opportunity for gas sensors within driver alcohol detection systems |
8.5. | Artificial olfaction could allow manufacturers to quantify that 'new-car smell' |
8.6. | Market saturation vs. technology readiness level in the automotive gas sensor market |
9. | INDUSTRIAL GAS SENSORS |
9.1. | Introduction to gas sensing in industrial facilities |
9.2. | Sensors and analytes in portable gas safety |
9.3. | Expectations of portable gas safety are rising |
9.4. | Industrial players are seeking growth in the overlapping environmental market |
9.5. | Barriers to entering the industrial gas sensors market |
9.6. | The future of industrial safety could lie in hyperspectral imaging |
9.7. | Telops can map gas distribution from airborne hyperspectral cameras |