1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | Electric Vehicle Terms |
1.2. | Major EV categories |
1.3. | Major EV categories |
1.4. | Drivers for electric vehicles - China |
1.5. | Automotive EV plans |
1.6. | Covid-19: Electric Cars Resilient |
1.7. | LFP or NMC comparison |
1.8. | EV cathode chemistry market share |
1.9. | Cathode chemistry outlook |
1.10. | Cell vs Pack Energy Density - passenger cars |
1.11. | Increasing BEV battery cell energy density |
1.12. | Increasing EV battery cell specific energy |
1.13. | Automotive solid-state and silicon comparison |
1.14. | Silicon anodes vs lithium-metal solid-state |
1.15. | Timeline and outlook for Li-ion energy densities |
1.16. | Turnkey battery design choices - cell form factor and cooling |
1.17. | Energy density comparison by form factor |
1.18. | Chemistry choice of turnkey battery packs |
1.19. | Pack manufacturer revenue estimates |
1.20. | Growth in European gigafactory announcements |
1.21. | Growth in manufacturing capacity - Europe, US |
1.22. | Supply and demand overview |
1.23. | Electric vehicle Li-ion demand, GWh |
1.24. | EV Li-ion market, $ billion |
1.25. | EV anode demand |
1.26. | Cathode Demand Forecast |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | Electric Vehicles: Basic Principle |
2.2. | Electric Vehicle Terms |
2.3. | Drivetrain Specifications |
2.4. | Parallel and Series Hybrids: Explained |
2.5. | Electric Vehicles: Typical Specs |
2.6. | Lithium-based Battery Family Tree |
2.7. | Underlying Drivers for Electric Vehicles |
2.8. | What are the Barriers for Electric Vehicles? |
2.9. | What are the Barriers for Electric Vehicles? |
2.10. | Carbon emissions from electric vehicles |
3. | LI-ION TECHNOLOGY |
3.1. | What is a Li-ion Battery? |
3.2. | Why Lithium? |
3.3. | The Li-ion Supply Chain |
3.4. | The Battery Trilemma |
3.5. | Battery wish list |
3.6. | The Li-ion supply chain |
3.7. | Comparing cathodes - a high-level overview |
3.8. | Comparing anodes - a high-level overview |
3.9. | Cathodes |
3.9.1. | Cathode recap |
3.9.2. | Cathode materials - LCO and LFP |
3.9.3. | Cathode materials - NMC, NCA and LMO |
3.9.4. | NMC development - from 111 to 811 |
3.9.5. | Volkswagen Power Day |
3.9.6. | Cost reduction from cell chemistry |
3.9.7. | High manganese cathodes |
3.9.8. | High manganese cathodes - LMP, LMFP |
3.9.9. | High-voltage LNMO |
3.9.10. | Haldor Topsoe's LNMO |
3.9.11. | Developments for high-voltage LNMO |
3.9.12. | High-level performance comparison |
3.9.13. | High-level performance comparison |
3.9.14. | Material intensity of NMC, Li-Mn-rich, LNMO |
3.9.15. | Potential cost reduction from high manganese content |
3.9.16. | Concluding remarks on high manganese cathodes |
3.9.17. | LFP for Tesla Model 3 |
3.9.18. | LFP for Tesla Model 3 continued |
3.9.19. | LFP or NMC comparison |
3.9.20. | LFP or NMC performance comparison discussed |
3.9.21. | LFP or NMC |
3.9.22. | IDTechEx energy density calculations - by cathode |
3.9.23. | Li-ion cell material cost estimate |
3.9.24. | Automotive announcements for LFP and NMC |
3.9.25. | Cathode choice for electric vehicles |
3.9.26. | Cathode suitability |
3.9.27. | Cathode outlook - which chemistries will be used? 1 |
3.9.28. | Cathode outlook - which chemistries will be used? 2 |
3.9.29. | Cathode market |
3.9.30. | EV cathode chemistry market share |
3.9.31. | EV cathode chemistry shifts |
3.9.32. | EV Models with NMC 811 |
3.9.33. | Comparing commercial cell chemistries |
3.9.34. | Cathode chemistry outlook |
3.9.35. | Cathode Demand Forecast |
3.10. | Anodes |
3.10.1. | Anode materials |
3.10.2. | Introduction to graphite |
3.10.3. | The promise of silicon |
3.10.4. | The reality of silicon |
3.10.5. | How much can silicon improve energy density? |
3.10.6. | Introduction to lithium titanate oxide (LTO) |
3.10.7. | Where will LTO play a role? |
3.10.8. | Increased demand for LTO |
3.10.9. | LTO for e-buses |
3.10.10. | EV anode demand |
3.11. | Cell form factors |
3.11.1. | Commercial battery packaging technologies |
3.11.2. | Automotive format choices |
3.11.3. | Cell formats |
3.11.4. | Cell formats |
3.11.5. | Comparison of commercial cell formats |
3.11.6. | Which cell format to choose? |
3.11.7. | Passenger Car Market |
3.11.8. | Increasing BEV battery cell energy density |
3.11.9. | Increasing EV battery cell specific energy |
3.11.10. | Other Vehicle Categories |
4. | ADVANCED LI-ION TECHNOLOGY |
4.1. | Potential disruptors to Li-ion |
4.2. | Cell chemistry comparison - quantitative |
4.3. | Energy storage technology comparison |
4.4. | Current Li-ion technology for automotive |
4.5. | What is a solid-state battery? |
4.6. | Drivers for solid-state and silicon |
4.7. | Solid-state electrolytes |
4.8. | Partnerships and investors - solid-state and silicon |
4.9. | Silicon anodes vs lithium-metal solid-state |
4.10. | Comparing anodes - a high-level overview |
4.11. | Silicon anodes or lithium-metal solid-state |
4.12. | Silicon anodes or lithium-metal solid-state |
4.13. | Notable players for solid-state EV battery technology |
4.14. | Notable players for silicon EV battery technology |
4.15. | Lithium metal with liquid electrolytes |
4.16. | Solid-state and silicon timeline |
4.17. | Solid-state - Quantumscape |
4.18. | Solid-state - Solid Power |
4.19. | Solid-state - Blue Solutions |
4.20. | Solid-state - Prologium |
4.21. | Silicon anodes - Enevate |
4.22. | Notable developments - Sila Nano |
4.23. | Automotive solid-state and silicon comparison |
4.24. | Automotive solid-state and silicon comparison |
4.25. | Silicon anodes vs lithium-metal solid-state |
4.26. | Silicon and solid-state concluding remarks |
4.27. | Multiple sources of improvement to Li-ion |
4.28. | What role for fuel cells? |
4.29. | High energy battery chemistry comparison |
4.30. | The problem with alternative technologies |
4.31. | Timeline and outlook for Li-ion energy densities |
4.32. | Concluding remarks |
5. | LI-ION MODULES AND PACKS |
5.1. | What makes a battery pack? |
5.2. | Li-ion Batteries: From Cell to Pack |
5.3. | Pack design |
5.4. | Battery KPIs for EVs |
5.5. | Henkel's Battery Pack Materials |
5.6. | DuPont's Battery Pack Materials |
5.7. | Lightweighting Battery Enclosures |
5.8. | Lightweighting - Voltabox expanded plastic foam |
5.9. | From Steel to Aluminium |
5.10. | Latest Composite Battery Enclosures |
5.11. | Towards Composite Enclosures? |
5.12. | Continental Structural Plastics - Honeycomb Technology |
5.13. | Battery Enclosure Materials Summary |
5.14. | Increasing cell sizes |
5.15. | Passenger Cars: Cell Energy Density Trends |
5.16. | Passenger Cars: Pack Energy Density Trends |
5.17. | General Motors' cell development |
5.18. | NCMA cathode |
5.19. | Ultium cell form factors |
5.20. | Modular pack designs |
5.21. | Ultium BMS |
5.22. | Key developments from the Ultium battery |
5.23. | BYD Blade battery |
5.24. | BYD battery design |
5.25. | CATL Cell to Pack |
5.26. | Cell-to-pack or modular? |
5.27. | Modular or not? |
5.28. | High voltage BEVs |
5.29. | Increasing BEV voltage |
5.30. | Thermal management of Li-ion batteries |
5.30.1. | Thermal management for Li-ion batteries |
5.30.2. | Stages of thermal runaway |
5.30.3. | Causes of thermal runaway |
5.30.4. | Fire protection |
5.30.5. | Active vs passive Cooling |
5.30.6. | Passive battery cooling methods |
5.30.7. | Active battery cooling methods |
5.30.8. | Air cooling - technology appraisal |
5.30.9. | Liquid cooling - technology appraisal |
5.30.10. | Liquid cooling - geometries |
5.30.11. | Refrigerant cooling - technology appraisal |
5.30.12. | Analysis of battery cooling methods |
5.30.13. | Material opportunities in and around a battery pack: overview |
5.30.14. | Thermal management - pack and module overview |
5.30.15. | Thermal Interface Material (TIM) - pack and module overview |
5.31. | BMS |
5.31.1. | Battery management system |
5.31.2. | Introduction to battery management systems |
5.31.3. | Fast charging and degradation |
5.31.4. | Importance of fast charging |
5.31.5. | Operational limits of LIBs |
5.31.6. | BMS - STAFL systems |
5.31.7. | Pulse charging |
5.31.8. | Cell balancing |
5.31.9. | Consequences of cell imbalance |
5.31.10. | Active or passive balancing? |
5.31.11. | State-of-charge estimation |
5.31.12. | State-of-health and remaining-useful-life estimation |
5.31.13. | Titan AES |
5.31.14. | Value of BMS |
6. | MODULE AND PACK MANUFACTURERS - BEYOND CARS |
6.1. | Module and pack manufacturing process |
6.2. | Module and pack manufacturing |
6.3. | Non-car battery pack manufacturing |
6.4. | Differences in design |
6.5. | Role of battery pack manufacturers |
6.6. | Metrics to compare pack manufacturers |
6.7. | Battery pack manufacturers - Europe |
6.8. | Battery pack manufacturers |
6.9. | Battery pack manufacturers - North America |
6.10. | Battery pack manufacturers |
6.11. | Asian module and pack manufacturers |
6.12. | Battery pack comparison |
6.13. | Battery module/pack comparison |
6.14. | Battery pack/module comparison |
6.15. | Battery design choices -cell form factor and cooling |
6.16. | Energy density comparison by form factor |
6.17. | Energy density comparison by cooling method |
6.18. | Chemistry choice |
6.19. | Chemistry and form factors of turnkey solutions |
6.20. | Pack manufacturer revenue estimates |
6.21. | Value chain differentiation |
6.22. | Romeo Power |
6.23. | Romeo Power thermal management |
6.24. | Forsee Power |
6.25. | Forsee Power applications |
6.26. | Xerotech |
6.27. | Microvast |
6.28. | Akasol |
6.29. | Akasol Energy Density Road Map for Commercial EVs |
6.30. | Akasol's 'Answer to Solid State' |
6.31. | Webasto Expanding Production |
6.32. | EnerDel: battery packs for trucks |
6.33. | BMZ |
6.34. | Kore Power |
6.35. | Proterra |
6.36. | Electrovaya |
6.37. | American Battery Solutions |
6.38. | Leclanche |
6.39. | Concluding remarks on battery manufacturers |
7. | CELL MANUFACTURING AND COSTS |
7.1. | Cell production steps |
7.2. | Power demand of LIB production |
7.3. | How Long to Build a Gigafactory? |
7.4. | Growing public and private investment - Q1 2021 |
7.5. | European gigafactories announced by 2018 |
7.6. | European gigafactories announced to date |
7.7. | Growth in European gigafactory announcements |
7.8. | Growth in European cell manufacturing |
7.9. | Growth in manufacturing capacity - Europe, US |
7.10. | Li-ion cell and pack price and cost |
7.10.1. | Li-ion cell material cost estimate |
7.10.2. | Cathode cost reduction scenarios |
7.10.3. | Role of silicon and high nickel NMC on cost |
7.10.4. | Cost reduction strategies |
7.10.5. | Cost reduction overview |
7.10.6. | BEV Cell Price Forecast |
7.10.7. | Electric vehicle Li-ion price forecast |
8. | LI-ION IN EV SEGMENTS |
8.1. | Application battery priorities |
8.2. | Risks for pack manufacturers |
8.3. | Panasonic and Tesla |
8.4. | Automotive Format Choices |
8.5. | Passenger Car Market |
8.6. | Chinese EV Battery Value Chain |
8.7. | Other Vehicle Categories |
8.8. | Drivers and timing of bus electrification |
8.9. | Snapshot of Global and Regional Sales Trends |
8.10. | Regional demand forecast for Li-ion in e-buses |
8.11. | Future role for battery pack manufacturers |
8.12. | Electric Buses: Market History |
8.13. | Chemistries used in electric buses |
8.14. | Chemistries used in electric buses |
8.15. | E-bus battery suppliers |
8.16. | Why we need electric CAM vehicles |
8.17. | Electric CAM examples |
8.18. | Intralogistics shifting to Li-ion |
8.19. | Intralogistics Li-ion partnerships |
8.20. | Li-ion intralogistics chemistries |
8.21. | Why Electrify Marine? |
8.22. | Summary of Maritime Sectors |
8.23. | Leading Maritime Battery Vendor |
8.24. | Product Line-up |
8.25. | Electric and Diesel LCV Cost Parity |
8.26. | Small eVan Break-Even: Purchase Grant |
8.27. | Regional Li-ion demand forecast for LCVs |
8.28. | Electric Trucks: Drivers and Barriers |
8.29. | Range of zero emission medium and heavy trucks |
8.30. | Regional Li-ion demand for medium and heavy duty trucks |
8.31. | EV Li-ion demand by region |
9. | SECOND LIFE EV BATTERIES AND RECYCLING |
9.1. | Retired electric vehicle batteries can have a second-life before being recycled |
9.2. | Potential value of second-life batteries |
9.3. | Main companies involved in battery second use |
9.4. | Battery second use connects the electric vehicle and battery recycling value chains |
9.5. | When batteries retire from electric vehicles... |
9.6. | Redefining the 'end-of-life' of electric vehicle batteries: you live more than once |
9.7. | What is the 'second-life' of electric vehicle batteries? |
9.8. | Target markets for second-life batteries |
9.9. | Drivers for recycling Li-ion batteries |
9.10. | LIB recycling process overview |
9.11. | Recycling techniques compared |
9.12. | Recycling or second life? |
9.13. | Recycling value by cathode chemistry |
9.14. | Northvolt's Revolt recycling program |
9.15. | Volkswagen plans for retired EV batteries |
9.16. | BMW's strategic partnerships for EV battery recycling |
9.17. | Renault's circular economy efforts for Li-ion batteries |
9.18. | Volkswagen's in-house Li-ion battery recycling plant |
9.19. | 4R Energy |
9.20. | Tesla's 'circular Gigafactory' |
10. | FORECASTS |
10.1. | Electric vehicle Li-ion demand, GWh |
10.2. | EV Li-ion market, $ billion |
10.3. | EV anode demand |
10.4. | Cathode Demand Forecast |