1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | History of the hydrogen economy |
1.2. | Recent development in the hydrogen market |
1.3. | Important competing factors for the green H2 market |
1.4. | Electrolyzer Systems Overview |
1.5. | Electrolyzer systems comparison - operating parameters |
1.6. | PEMEL-AWE efficiency trend |
1.7. | Pros and cons of electrolyzer technologies |
1.8. | SOEL systems: a substitute for AWE? |
1.9. | Global hydrogen policies |
1.10. | Global electrolyzer players |
1.11. | Electrolyzer component vendors |
1.12. | Drivers and restraints |
1.13. | Main hydrogen end-uses |
1.14. | Hydrogen demand forecast |
1.15. | Hydrogen growth sectors |
1.16. | Green hydrogen end sectors |
1.17. | Electrolyzer market forecast |
1.18. | Future trend of the electrolyzer market |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | Introduction |
2.2. | Potential end-uses for green hydrogen |
2.3. | Power-to-X (P2X) |
2.4. | What is the hydrogen economy? |
2.5. | Hydrogen Economy Development |
2.6. | BEV and FCEVs |
2.7. | The role of green hydrogen in decarbonisation |
2.8. | Main hydrogen end-uses |
2.9. | The colors of hydrogen |
2.10. | The colors of hydrogen |
2.11. | Blue hydrogen |
2.12. | Common features of processes using natural gas |
2.13. | Steam-methane reforming (SMR) + CCUS |
2.14. | What is green hydrogen? |
3. | POLICY AND REGULATION |
3.1. | Carbon pricing |
3.1.1. | Emission trading system |
3.2. | Carbon pricing |
3.2.1. | Carbon pricing across the world |
3.2.2. | Challenges with carbon pricing |
3.2.3. | The European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) |
3.2.4. | Carbon pricing in the European Union |
3.2.5. | Has the EU ETS had an impact? |
3.2.6. | Carbon pricing in the UK |
3.2.7. | Carbon pricing in the US |
3.2.8. | Carbon pricing in China |
3.2.9. | Carbon pricing in South Africa |
4. | ELECTROLYZER TECHNOLOGY |
4.1.1. | Electrolyzer Systems Overview |
4.1.2. | Electrolyzer systems overview |
4.1.3. | System performance examples |
4.1.4. | System performance examples |
4.1.5. | Electrolyzer degradation |
4.1.6. | System design schematic examples |
4.2. | Alkaline electrolysers |
4.2.1. | Alkaline water electrolysis |
4.2.2. | AWE Electrolyzers system overview |
4.2.3. | Alkaline electrolyzer: cathode reaction |
4.2.4. | Alkaline electrolyzer: cathode materials (HER) |
4.2.5. | Alkaline electrolyzer: anode reaction (OER) |
4.2.6. | Alkaline electrolyzer: anode materials (OER) |
4.2.7. | AWE Anode-Cathode summary |
4.2.8. | Zero-gap alkaline electrolysers |
4.2.9. | AWE system - 'Zero-Gap' configuration advantages |
4.2.10. | AWE Diaphragm Characteristics |
4.2.11. | Commercial AWE diaphragms |
4.2.12. | AWE spacer and electrolyte |
4.2.13. | AWE: Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) |
4.2.14. | Anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer |
4.2.15. | Commercial AEM electrolyte and cell performances |
4.2.16. | Large scale AWE system |
4.2.17. | Alkaline electrolyzer technology development |
4.2.18. | Hysata cell design |
4.2.19. | System level improvements from bubble-free configuration |
4.2.20. | Next Hydrogen Solutions |
4.2.21. | AWE Supply chain |
4.3. | PEM electrolysers |
4.3.1. | Overview |
4.3.2. | PEM electrolyzers systems: Materials, Specifics |
4.3.3. | Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer |
4.3.4. | Three Phase Boundary and Proton Exchange Membrane |
4.3.5. | PEMEL Working Mechanism |
4.3.6. | PEMEL stack and components |
4.3.7. | Electrolyzer system: BOP and Stack |
4.3.8. | OER Electrocatalyst |
4.3.9. | HER Electrocatalyst |
4.3.10. | Electrocatalyst Degradation |
4.3.11. | Electrocatalyst Degradation |
4.3.12. | PEMEL Membrane: Overview |
4.3.13. | Membrane degradation problems |
4.3.14. | Membrane degradation processes |
4.3.15. | Membrane degradation processes |
4.3.16. | Current Collectors (CCs) |
4.3.17. | Bipolar Plates (BPs) |
4.3.18. | Bipolar plate materials |
4.3.19. | Titanium BP drawbacks |
4.3.20. | PEMEL Technical overview |
4.3.21. | PEMEL cost breakdown |
4.3.22. | PEMEL Supply chain |
4.3.23. | PEM catalyst demand |
4.3.24. | PGM free PEM electrolysers |
4.4. | Solid-oxide electrolysers |
4.4.1. | SOEL overview |
4.4.2. | Solid Oxide Electrolyzer: introduction |
4.4.3. | Solid Oxide Electrolyzer efficiency |
4.4.4. | Reversible SOFC |
4.4.5. | Solid Oxide Electrolyzer: Solid Electrolyte |
4.4.6. | Solid Oxide Electrolyzer: Electrodes |
4.4.7. | SOEL Electrolyzers systems: Materials, Specifics |
4.4.8. | SOEL Market |
4.4.9. | SOEL supply chain |
4.4.10. | New high-temperature electrolysis technology |
4.5. | Electrolyzer technology comparisons and conclusions |
4.5.1. | Commercialised electrolyzer efficiency comparison |
4.5.2. | Electrolyzers efficiency charts |
4.5.3. | PEMEL Efficiency trend |
4.5.4. | PEMEL-AWE efficiency trend |
4.5.5. | PEMEL-AWE efficiency trend |
4.5.6. | Pros and cons of electrolyzer technologies |
4.5.7. | Electrolyzer improvements |
4.5.8. | Dynamic Operation Property |
4.5.9. | Challenges with dynamic operation of alkaline water electrolysers (AWE) |
4.5.10. | Challenges with dynamic operation of PEM and SOEC |
4.5.11. | PEM design trade-offs for dynamic operation |
4.5.12. | Is dynamic SOEC operation possible? |
4.5.13. | Academic highlights |
4.5.14. | Academic highlights |
4.5.15. | Electrolyzer technology state of development |
5. | ELECTROLYZER MARKET LANDSCAPE |
5.1. | Major global hydrogen policies |
5.2. | 2021/22 geopolitics |
5.3. | Electricity prices |
5.4. | 2022 impact on H2 price |
5.5. | Electrolyzer Manufacturers: Overview |
5.6. | Market Overview |
5.7. | European associations |
5.8. | Hydrogen projects in Europe |
5.9. | Hydrogen related projects |
5.10. | Electrolyzer manufacturers |
5.11. | Electrolyzer vendors by region |
5.12. | Electrolyzer vendors by region |
5.13. | Electrolyzer vendors by region |
5.14. | Electrolyzer manufacturing market |
5.15. | Electrolyzer manufacturing capacity |
5.16. | Electrolyzer manufacturing capacity development |
5.17. | Electrolyzer technology split |
5.18. | Electrolyzer technology split |
5.19. | Electrolyzer technology adoption |
5.20. | PEM catalyst demand |
5.21. | Electrolyzer technology outlook |
5.22. | Electrolyzer technology outlook |
5.23. | Recent commercial activity |
5.24. | Recent commercial activity |
5.25. | Comparison of electrolyzer systems - Materials |
5.26. | Electrolyzer systems comparison - Operating parameters |
5.27. | Downstream electrolyzers component vendors |
5.28. | Electrolyzer players |
5.29. | Market Addressed by EL manufacturer |
5.30. | Companies Interviewed by IDTechEx |
6. | COMPANY PROFILES |
6.1. | Nel ASA |
6.2. | H2U Technologies |
6.3. | Next Hydrogen Solutions |
6.4. | Hysata |
6.5. | Sunfire |
6.6. | ITM Power |
6.7. | Plug Power |
6.8. | Bloom Energy |
6.9. | AquaHydrex |
6.10. | Enapter |
6.11. | Erredue |
6.12. | H-Tec Systems |
6.13. | Avium, LLC |
6.14. | Agfa-Gevaert |
6.15. | OxEon Energy |
7. | FORECASTS |
7.1. | Forecast Assumptions |
7.2. | Main hydrogen end-uses |
7.3. | Hydrogen demand forecast |
7.4. | Total addressable markets |
7.5. | Hydrogen growth sectors |
7.6. | Green hydrogen end sectors |
7.7. | Electrolyzer market forecast |